3D printing technologies share one core idea—build parts layer by layer—but execute it seven distinct ways. Each method serves different materials, scales, and precision needs. Know the family, pick the right member.
Material Extrusion (FDM/FFF) melts thermoplastic filament through a nozzle. Most accessible: machines from $200 to $10,000. PLA, ABS, PETG, nylon. Visible layer lines, anisotropic strength. Best for prototypes, jigs, education. Simple, cheap, everywhere.
Vat Photopolymerization (SLA/DLP/LCD) cures liquid resin with light. Micron precision for jewelry, dental, miniatures. Smooth surfaces, limited toughness, messy post-processing. Range: $300 desktop to $100K industrial. Speed and detail trade with volume.
Powder Bed Fusion (SLS/MJF/SLM/DMLS) fuses powder with lasers or binding agents. No supports, isotropic strength, complex geometries. Nylon for functional parts; metals for flight-ready components. $10K to $1M+ systems. Industrial grade.
Material Jetting sprays photopolymer droplets, curing instantly. Multi-material, full color, high resolution. Stratasys and 3D Systems dominate. High cost, low strength—visual models and prototypes.
Binder Jetting glues powder layers, then sinters or infiltrates. Sand molds for casting, metal parts cheaper than laser fusion. Slightly porous. Desktop Metal, ExOne lead. Emerging production player.
Directed Energy Deposition (DED) feeds metal wire or powder through a nozzle, melted by laser or electron beam. Repairs large parts, builds massive structures. Robotic, not boxed. Niche but growing.
Sheet Lamination bonds and cuts paper or metal sheets. Cheap, fast, weak. Largely obsolete.
FAQ
Q: Which technology is best for absolute beginners?
A: FDM (filament). Lowest cost, most forgiving materials, largest community. Start with PLA, grow skills, then explore.
Q: What produces strongest functional metal parts?
A: Powder bed fusion—SLM or DMLS for titanium, aluminum, steel. Flight-certified, implant-grade density and strength.
Q: Can one machine handle multiple technologies?
A: Rarely. Hybrid systems exist but most specialize. Match technology to your primary need; do not chase universal solutions.
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